STEROID-INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS

Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP) is osteoporosis arising due to use of glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) - analogous to Cushing's syndrome and involving mainly the axial skeleton. The synthetic glucocorticoid prescription drug prednisone is a main candidate after prolonged intake.

Mechanisms of SIOP include:

• Direct inhibition of osteoblast function
• Direct enhancement of bone resorption
• Inhibition of gastrointestinal calcium absorption
• Increased urine calcium loss
• Inhibition of sex steroids

HAMMER TOE

A hammer toe is a deformity that causes your toe to bend or curl downward instead of pointing forward. This deformity can affect any toe on your foot. It most often affects the second or third toe. Although a hammer toe may be present at birth, it usually develops over time due to arthritis or wearing ill-fitting shoes, such as tight, pointed heels. In most cases, a hammer toe condition is treatable.

Common causes of this include:

• a traumatic toe injury

• arthritis

• an unusually high foot arch

• wearing shoes that don’t fit properly

• tightened ligaments or tendons in the foot

• pressure from a bunion, which is when your big toe points inward toward your second toe

TENNIS LEG

TENNIS LEG - The term Tennis Leg refers to an acute medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle tear in the older athlete characterized by sudden onset of severe calf pain and significant disability. The injury is invariably associated with extensive bruising and swelling, and can be mistaken for a deep venous thrombosis. The most common site is the medial head of gastrocnemius, but occasionally the plantaris muscle is involved. Symptoms are a sudden, sharp or burning pain in the leg, sometimes accompanied by an audible sound. In most cases, the player is unable to continue play because of the severe pain. Depending on the severity of the injury, recovery may take between a few days and six weeks.

PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME

PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME - Piriformis syndrome is a condition in which the piriformis muscle, located in the buttock region, spasms and causes buttock pain. The piriformis muscle can also irritate the nearby sciatic nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling along the back of the leg and into the foot.The piriformis muscle is a small muscle located deep in the buttock.

The exact causes of piriformis syndrome are unknown. Suspected causes include:

- Muscle spasm in the piriformis muscle, either because of irritation in the piriformis muscle itself, or irritation of a nearby structure such as the sacroiliac joint or hip

- Tightening of the muscle, in response to injury or spasm

- Swelling of the piriformis muscle, due to injury or spasm

- Bleeding in the area of the piriformis muscle.

FROZEN SHOULDER REHABILITATION

FROZEN SHOULDER Symptoms Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly, and in three stages. Each stage can last a number of months. #Freezing stage#. Any movement of your shoulder causes pain, and your shoulder's range of motion starts to become limited. #Frozen stage#. Pain may begin to diminish during this stage. However, your shoulder becomes stiffer, and using it becomes more difficult. #Thawing stage#. The range of motion in your shoulder begins to improve.

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CERVICAL DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASE

NECK PAIN \ CERVICAL PAIN - The cervical spine in your neck is made up of seven bones called vertebrae, which are separated by discs filled with a cushioning gel-like substance. Your cervical discs both stabilise your neck and allow it to turn smoothly from side to side and bend forward to back.The space between the vertebrae narrows and nerve roots become pinched. This process is known as cervical degenerative disc disease. As degenerative disc disease progresses, the neck becomes less flexible, and you may feel neck pain and stiffness, especially towards the end of the day. The most common and obvious symptoms of cervical degenerative disc disease are neck pain and a stiff neck. When one of these conditions presses on one or more of the many nerves running through the spinal cord, you also can develop pain, numbness, or weakness radiating down your shoulder, arm, and hand.

COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME

COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSD) is a disorder that causes lasting pain, usually in an arm or leg, and it shows up after an injury, stroke, or even heart attack. But the severity of pain is typically worse than the original injury itself. The term reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome is actually not a name that doctors use anymore. It’s an older term used to describe one form of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). RSD is sometimes called Type I CRPS, and it’s caused by injury to tissue with no related nerve damage.

When you get hurt, your sympathetic nervous system tells your bloodvessels to get smaller so you don’t lose too much blood at your injury site. Later, it tells them to open back up so blood can get to damaged tissue and repair it.

When you have RSD, your sympathetic nervous system gets mixed signals. It turns on after an injury, but doesn’t turn back off. This causes a lot of pain and swelling at your injury site.