KYPHOSCOLIOSIS

Kyphoscoliosis is a musculoskeletal disorder, which is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis where there is abnormal posterior and sideways curvature of the spine in both the coronal as well as the sagittal planes. Kyphoscoliosis commonly causes other problems, such as pulmonary hypertension, under-ventilation of lungs, psychological problems, such as anxiety, difficulty in doing activities of daily living. Kyphoscoliosis can also occur in other medical conditions, such as syringomyelia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy because of asymmetric weakening in the paraspinal muscles. Kyphoscoliosis occurring during the growth period without any obvious cause is termed as Idiopathic Kyphoscoliosis. Diseases of the spinal muscles and vertebrae can also cause Kyphoscoliosis. Causes of Kyphosis include nutritional deficiencies, congenital, post-traumatic and osteoporosis induced.

SACROILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION

SACROILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION - Dysfunction in the sacroiliac joint, or SI joint, is thought to cause low back and/or leg pain. The leg pain can be particularly difficult, and may feel similar to sciatica or pain caused by a lumbar disc herniation. Sacroiliac dysfunction and instability, generally refers to pain in the sacroiliac joint region that is caused by abnormal motion in the sacroiliac joint, either too much motion or too little motion. It typically results in inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, and can be debilitating.

Common symptoms include 
1) lower back pain, 
2) buttocks pain, 
3) sciatic leg pain, 
4) groin pain, 
5) hip pain, 
6) urinary frequency, 
7) transient numbness, 
8) prickling, or tingling. 

Pain can range from dull aching to sharp and stabbing and increases with physical activity. Symptoms also worsen with prolonged or sustained positions. Bending forward, stair climbing, hill climbing, and rising from a seated position can also provoke pain. Pain is reported to increase during menstruation in women. Patients with severe and disabling sacroiliac joint dysfunction can suffer from insomnia and depression.

PERTHES DISEASE

PERTHES DISEASE - Perthes disease is a rare childhood condition that affects the hip. It occurs when the blood supply to the rounded head of the femur (thighbone) is temporarily disrupted. Without an adequate blood supply, the bone cells die, a process called avascular necrosis.

Although the term "disease" is still used, Perthes is really a complex process of stages that can last several years. As the condition progresses, the weakened bone of the head of the femur, gradually begins to break apart. Over time, the blood supply to the head of the femur returns and the bone begins to grow back.

Perthes disease also known as Legg-Calve-Perthes, named for the three individual doctors who first described the condition — typically occurs in children who are between 4 and 10 years old. It is five times more common in boys than in girls, however, it is more likely to cause extensive damage to the bone in girls. In 10% to 15% of all cases, both hips are affected.

Symptoms - 

One of the earliest signs of Perthes is a change in the way your child walks and runs. This is often most apparent during sports activities. Your child may limp, have limited motion, or develop a peculiar running style. Other common symptoms include:

• Pain in the hip or groin, or in other parts of the leg, such as the thigh or knee (called "referred pain.").
• Pain that worsens with activity and is relieved with rest.
• Painful muscle spasms that may be caused by irritation around the hip.

Depending upon your child's activity level, symptoms may come and go over a period of weeks or even months before a doctor visit is considered.

POSTEROLATERAL CORNER (PCL)

POSTEROLATERAL CORNER (PCL) - Injuries to the posterolateral corner of the knee are most commonly associated with athletic traumas, motor vehicle accidents and falls. PLC injuries account for bit of all knee ligament injuries and often occur in combination with other cruciate ligament injuries. PLC provides both static and dynamic stabilisation to the knee joint. The static structures include the lateral collateral ligament (LCL or FCL), popliteus tendon, the popliteofibular ligament and the posterolateral capsule. Together these structures prevent varus collapse at the knee and external rotation of the tibia on the femur. Dynamic structures of the PLC play similar roles as the static structures but through movement. These structures include the popliteus muscle, iliotibial band, bicep femoris and the lateral gastroc tendon. 

Injuries affecting the PLC may or may not occur in conjunction with injuries to other structures in the knee. Symptoms of a PLC injury commonly include:

• Pain and/or swelling over the posterolateral surface of the knee
• Pain which is aggravated by weight-bearing activities, especially those involving high loads going through the lower limb such as walking up a hill, quick direction changes or jumping
• Feeling of weakness or ‘giving way’ around the knee

If you have an injury to the PLC and the peroneal nerve is affected, you may also experience pins and needles and/or numbness in the lower leg and foot. You may also experience foot or ankle weakness.